Documentation Styles

     In writing your research paper, you must document everything
that you borrow--not only direct quotations and paraphrases but
also information and ideas.  You must indicate the source of any
appropriated material that readers might otherwise mistake for your
own.  There are several documentation styles for citing and listing
sources.   Footnotes and Endnotes are a traditional style and have
been supplanted in many disciplines by the newer MLA and APA
styles, among others.  Before using footnotes or endnotes, check to
be sure this is the style you are required to use.

The Footnote and the Endnote
     Note references include all the information found in the
bibliography (see below), as well as the specific page reference
of the quoted material. Note form, however, differs slightly from
bibliographic form. 

     Footnotes are numbered consecutively throughout a research
paper, except for those notes accompanying special material
(figures, tables, etc.).  Note numbers are "superior" or
"superscript"--arabic numbers typed slightly above the line, like
this, 1 , without periods, parentheses or slashes.  They can follow
all punctuation marks except dashes.  In general, to avoid
interrupting the continuity of the text, note numbers are placed at
the end of the sentence, clause or phrase containing the quoted or
paraphrased material.
 
     The term footnote refers to notes that appear at the bottom,
or foot of the page.  However, this system is now considered
outdated and has been replaced by endnotes, a list of notes at the
end of a paper.  In research papers, make all notes endnotes,
unless you are instructed otherwise.  Endnotes contain the
information a reader needs to locate a source--the name(s) of the
author(s), title of the work, the facts of publication (publisher,
place and date of publication), and the specific page or pages of
the source used.

     As their name implies, endnotes appear after the text,
starting on a new page numbered in sequence with the preceding
page.  Center the title Notes one inch from the top, double-space,
indent five spaces from the left margin, and type the note number,
without punctuation, slightly above the line.  Leave a space and
type the reference.  If the note extends to two or more lines,
single-space and begin subsequent lines at the left margin.  Type
the notes consecutively, double-space between notes, and number all
pages.

     The following endnote form is the one commonly used in the
humanities.  Research papers in the social and natural sciences use
different endnote forms, and there are several different systems of
notation in these fields.  Consult with your instructors on the
forms they want you to use.  Use whichever system you choose
consistently throughout the paper.


Notes
     # Author (First name Last name), Title (City of 
publication [State]: Publisher, Year of publication) Page.

 
*Note # is raised 1/2 space above the line of type.

Sample Endnote Entries

 1.  For a BOOK with ONE AUTHOR, FIRST EDITION

     1 Norman Lewis, Comprehensive Word Guide (New York: Harper &
Row, 1959) 159.

 2.  For a BOOK with ONE AUTHOR, LATER EDITION

     2 Ella V. Aldrich, Using Books and Libraries, 5th ed.
(Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1969) 71.

 3.  For a BOOK with MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR

     3 Harold F. Graves and Lynne S. Hoffman, Report Writing, 4th
ed. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965) 84.

 4.  For an EDITED BOOK

     4 Charles McCurdy, ed., Modern Art: A Pictorial Anthology 
(New York: Praeger, 1959) 159.

 5.  For a BOOK with an AUTHOR AND an EDITOR

     5 William Shakespeare, The Tragedy of King Lear, The Complete
Works of William Shakespeare, ed. G. L. Ketteredge (Boston:
Houghton-Mifflin, 1936) 1203-4.

 6.  For a TRANSLATED BOOK

     6 Paul Valery, Monsieur Teste, trans. Jackson Mathews (New
York: Knopf, 1947) 47.

 7.  For a BOOK with NO AUTHOR GIVEN

     7 A Manual of Style, 12th ed. (Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1969) 27.

 8.  For a BOOK with MORE THAN ONE VOLUME

     8 Bernard Dorival, Twentieth Century Painters, vol. 2 (New
York: Norton, 1959) 80.

 9.  For an ARTICLE in a REFERENCE BOOK

     9 "Melodeon," Encyclopedia Americana, 1985 ed.

10.  For an ARTICLE in a BOOK BY SEVERAL CONTRIBUTORS

     10 Cleanth Brooks, "A Plea to the Protestant Churches," Who
Owns America? ed. Herbert Agar (Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1936) 105.

11.  For an ARTICLE in a SCHOLARLY JOURNAL, AUTHOR GIVEN

     11 Peter Scotto, "Censorship, Reading, and Interpretation: A
Case Study From the Soviet Union," PMLA 109 (1994): 65.

12.  For an ARTICLE in a MAGAZINE, NO AUTHOR GIVEN

     12 "As School Term Ends, Campus Troubles Stay Alive," U.S. News
and World Report 19 May 1969: 13.

13.  For a NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, AUTHOR GIVEN

     13 G. Milton Kelly, "Unfit Canadian Wheat Milled into U.S.
Flour," The Seattle Daily Times 20 January 1953: 1.

14.  For a NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, NO AUTHOR GIVEN

     14 "Flying Saucers: Fact or Fancy," Columbia Citizen 10 August
1952: 11.

15.  For a PAMPHLET

     15 Best Museums: New York City (New York: Trip Builder, 1993).

16.  For an INTERVIEW

     16 I. M. Pei, personal interview, 27 July 1983.

     For subsequent references to the same source, use the author's
last name and the page number of the citation.  As an example, if
I wanted to include an additional reference from Ella V. Aldrich
(see note #2), it would look like this:

     17 Aldrich 150.

     If you have used two works by the same author, use a shortened
version of the title of the work in addition to the author's name:

     18 Aldrich, Using Books 150.


NOTE: Ibid and other Latin abbreviations (e.g., op. cit., ca.) are
no longer considered appropriate for scholarly papers.



The Bibliography

     If you use notes for documentation, you may not need a
bibliography, but check with your instructor to make certain.

     The bibliography may list only the works from which you
extracted endnotes ("List of Works Cited") or list all the works
you explored, whether or not you used them for endnotes ("List of
Works Consulted").  Usually, a bibliography is a list of works
consulted, but be sure to ask your teachers which form they
require.

1. List all entries in alphabetical order by the author's last
name.  If the author is unknown, list the work by the first
significant word of the title (disregard "a" or "the").  When you
list two or more works by the same author, list the author's name
only in the first entry; for subsequent works, use a line of twelve
dashes in place of the author's name.

2. Do not list page numbers for books, but do list inclusive page
numbers for articles in periodicals and newspapers.

3. Do not separate the list according to the kind of publication;
again, list all works in alphabetical order by author's last name.

4. Do not number the entries.

     There are several systems of punctuation for bibliography
entries; the one listed below is widely used.  Check with your
instructors to see if they use different systems.

Last name, First. Title. City, State: Publisher, date.
(Note: In a bibliography entry, the first line is not
indented but subsequent lines are.)


Sample Bibliography Entries

 1.  For a BOOK with ONE AUTHOR

     Lewis, Norman. Comprehensive Word Guide. New York: Harper & Row,
     1959.

 2.  For a BOOK with ONE AUTHOR, LATER EDITION

     Aldrich, Ella V. Using Books and Libraries. 5th ed. Englewood
     Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1959.

NOTE: To cite two or more works by the same author, give the name
in the first entry only. Thereafter, in place of the name, type
three hyphens, followed by a period and the title.

     Scholes, Robert.  Semiotics and Interpretation.  New Haven: Yale
     UP, 1982.

     ---.  Textual Power: Literary Theory and the teaching of English.
     New Haven: Yale UP, 1985.

 3.  For a BOOK with MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR
 
     Graves, Harold F. and Lynne S. Hoffman. Report Writing, 3rd ed.
     Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1965.

 4.  For an EDITED BOOK

     McCurdy, Charles, ed.  Modern Art: A Pictorial Anthology. 
     New York: Praeger, 1959.

 5. For a BOOK with an AUTHOR AND an EDITOR

     Shakespeare, William.  The Tragedy of King Lear.  The Complete
     Works of William Shakespeare.  Ed. G. L. Ketteredge.  Boston:
     Houghton-Mifflin, 1936.  1203-4. 

 6.  For a TRANSLATED BOOK

     Valery, Paul. Monsieur Teste. Trans. Jackson Mathews.  New York:
     Knopf, 1947.

 7.  For a BOOK with NO AUTHOR GIVEN

     A Manual of Style, 12th ed. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1969.

 8.  For a BOOK with MORE THAN ONE VOLUME

     Dorival, Bernard. Twentieth Century Painters.  Vol. 2.  New York:
     Norton, 1959.

 9.  For an ARTICLE in a REFERENCE BOOK

     "Melodeon."  Encyclopedia Americana.  1985 ed.

10.  For an ARTICLE in a BOOK BY SEVERAL CONTRIBUTORS

     Brooks, Cleanth. "A Plea to the Protestant Churches."  Who Owns 
     America? Ed. Herbert Agar.  Cambridge: Harvard UP, 1936.

NOTE: For periodicals and newspapers, you must give page numbers at
the end of the entry.

11.  For an ARTICLE in a SCHOLARLY JOURNAL,  AUTHOR GIVEN 

     Scotto, Peter. "Censorship, Reading, and Interpretation: A Case
     Study from the Soviet Union."  PMLA  109 (1994): 61-70.

12.  For an ARTICLE in a MAGAZINE, NO AUTHOR GIVEN

     "As School Term Ends, Campus Troubles Stay Alive."  U.S. News and
     World Report 19 May 1969: 21.

13.  For a NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, AUTHOR GIVEN

     Kelly, G. Milton. "Unfit Canadian Wheat Milled into U.S. Flour."
     The Seattle Daily Times 20 January 1953: 1.

14.  For a NEWSPAPER ARTICLE, NO AUTHOR GIVEN

     "Flying Saucers: Fact or Fancy."  Columbia Citizen 10 August 1952:
     11.

15.  For a PAMPHLET

     Best Museums: New York City.  New York: Trip Builder, 1993.

16.  For an INTERVIEW

     Pei, I. M. Personal interview. 27 July 1983.





     The information and examples contained in this handout have
been adapted from the following:

Gibaldi, Joseph. MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers,
     4th ed.  New York: The Modern Language Association, 1995.

Copyright 1991 by Jason Berner and the Hunter College Writing
Center.  Revised 1995 by Greta Wagle.